Á¦4ÁÖ ¹®Á¦Á¤ÀÇ¿Í °³³äÈ
Week 4. Problem
Identification and System Conceptualization
Problem identification and System Conceptualization
Richardson, chpt 2
Randers, Jorgen. 1980. ¡°Guidelines for Model Conceptualization¡± In Elements of the System Dynamics Method. (Ed.) Jorgen Randers. MIT Press.
½Ã½ºÅÛ´ÙÀ̳»¹Í½º´Â ¹®Á¦Áß½ÉÀÌ¸ç ½Ã½ºÅÛ Áß½ÉÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù
The focus of system dynamics study is not a system, whatever that is, but a problem
º¯¼öÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀÎ ÇàÅ´ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù.
Dynamic system behavior comes from system structure
[±×¸²] ½Ã½ºÅÛ´ÙÀ̳»¹Í½º ¸ðµ¨¸µ ÀýÂ÷ Overview of System dynamics modeling approach
Richardson, 1981:17
Modeling process is a repetitive process and it is a process of trial and error.
Table. The four stages of model construction

Randers, 119.
¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ½Ã½ºÅÛ °³³äÈ Problem definition and System conceptualization
1) ¸ðµ¨¸µÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÒ °Í A clear modeling purpose
2) ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸ðµ¨¸µÇϴµ¥ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎµÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ðµ¨¸µÇϴµ¥ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎÁö ¸» °Í
focus on a problem not on a system
1. ¹®Á¦¸¦ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÒ °Í Define problems dynamically
1) ÁÖ¿äÇÑ º¯¼öµéÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû ÇàŸ¦ ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î Ç¥½ÃÇØ º¼ °Í
Describe time development of interest variables and then proceed to identify and describe underlying causes.
Graph important variables over time – symptoms of the problem we want to study
ÁÖ¿ä º¯¼öµéÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧¿¡ µû¸¥ µ¿ÅÂÀû ÇàŸ¦ ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î Ç¥½ÃÇØ º¸¸é ¹®Á¦°¡ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇØ Áø´Ù
2) ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¹üÀ§ set the time horizon of study
°í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¹üÀ§°¡ 30³âÀΰ¡ 300³âÀΰ¡¿¡ µû¶ó ÁÖµÈ °ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀº Å©°Ô ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù.
¿¹¸¦ µé¾î õ¿¬°¡½ºÀÇ »ý»ê°ú ¼Òºñ ±×¸®°í ºñ¿ë¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ½Ã°£ ¹üÀ§°¡ 30³âÀÏ °æ¿ì Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿äÀÎ, ¿ÀÀϱݼöÁ¶Ä¡, ¼öÀÔ, ¼öÃ⠵ °ü½ÉÀ» ½ñ¾Æ¾ß ÇϰÚÀ¸³ª ¸¸¾à ½Ã°£¹üÀ§°¡ 300³âÀ̶ó¸é ¿ÀÀÏ ±Ý¼öÁ¶Ä¡ °°Àº °ÍµéÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀâÀ½(noise)¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±ä ½Ã°£¹üÀ§¿¡¼´Â Àå±âÀûÀÎ ¿ÀÀÏŽ»ç, »ý»ê°ú ¼ÒºñÀÇ °æÇâ, Àå±âÀûÀÎ ºñ¿ë¹®Á¦ µîÀÌ ÁÖµÈ °ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
3)ÁذŸðµå Reference mode
Graph of behavior of interest variables over time showing its behavior.
This reference mode helps problem definition and conceptualization.
It also can be used as a reference point for model validity test.
If the model reproduce the reference modes identified at the outset, it can be a sign of model validity
ÁÖ¿ä º¯¼öµéÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧¿¡ µû¶ó µ¿ÅÂÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸° ±×·¡ÇÁ
ÀÌ ÁذŸðµå´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í °³³äÈ °úÁ¤À» µµ¿Í ÁÙ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Å¸´çµµ¸¦ ½ÇÇèÇÏ´Â ÁذűâÁØÀÌ µÇ¾îÁØ´Ù.
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Ex) Richardson, 1981. practice 23-24. no.1-5. |
2. Çǵå¹é ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÒ °Í Find feedback structure
Identify and describe the underlying causes of the reference mode
Find interconnections among variables
¾çÀÇ Çǵå¹é ·çÇÁ Positive feedback loop
À½ÀÇ Çǵå¹é ·çÇÁ Negative feedback loop
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Ex) Richardson, 1981. practice 29-30. no.1-4. |
Àú·®º¯¼ö stock variable, À¯·®º¯¼ö flow variable
¹°ÁúÈ帧 material flow, Á¤º¸È帧 information flow
3. ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÒ °Í Clarify model purpose
¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸ðµ¨¸µ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ðµ¨¸µ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
Model is developed to address a specific set of question, not system.
The fundamental purpose of system dynamic model is understanding. The goal of a modeling effort is to improve understandings of the relationship between feedback structure and dynamic behavior of a system so that policies for improving problematic behavior may be developed (Richardson, 1981: 38).
4. ½Ã½ºÅÛ °æ°èÀÇ ¼³Á¤ System boundary
A imaginary line separating what is considered to be inside the system and what is considered to be outside.
A clear understanding of the purpose of a modeling effort helps to define system boundary, what should be included and what should be excluded.
Any mechanism that is not believed to be a major cause behind the reference mode should be left out of the initial model
½Ã½ºÅÛ °æ°è³»¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ´Â °ü½Éº¯¼öÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â ¿äÀεéÀÌ¸ç ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÈ¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹èÁ¦Çϰųª ¾ÐÃà½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
1)¹®Á¦¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤Àº ¾î¶² °ÍÀΰ¡?
What¡¯s the physical process of the system related to the problem?
2)ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀº ¾î¶°Çϸç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ´Â°¡?
How¡¯s the perception of process and how was it formulated?
3)ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ´Â°¡?
How does the perception affect physical process?
ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ °æ°è³»¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
°úÁ¤(process), ÀνÄ(perception), ¾Ð·Â(pressure) ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °³³äÈ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ °¡À̵å¶óÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¹®Á¦°¡ ¸íÈ®È÷ Á¤Àǵǰí, 2)ÁذŸðµå°¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¼³Á¤µÇ°í, 3)¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁö°í, ±×¸®°í 4)½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °æ°è°¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù¸é 5)ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Çǵå¹éÀÇ ½Ã°¢À¸·Î º¼ Áغñ°¡ µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
5. µ¿ÅÂÀû °¡¼³ (Dynamic Hypothesis)
statement of system structure that appear to have the potential to generate the problem behavior. It can be given verbally or in terms of diagram.
¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ¾ß±â½ÃŰ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼ú
¸» ¶Ç´Â ´ÙÀ̾î±×·¥, ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ´Ù – ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ¿øÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ °³ ¶Ç´Â ¼ö°³ÀÇ Áø¼ú·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù.
[Ç¥] ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ±¸Ãà°ú °³³äÈ °úÁ¤ Model building and conceptualization process
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¸ðµ¨±¸ÃàÀÇ °³³äÈ °úÁ¤ |
¼³¸í |
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¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ Problem identification |
¹®Á¦°¡ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀÇ ¼³¸í°ú ¹®Á¦Â¡ÈÄ¿Í Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í explain problem symptom and context of the problem ÁذŸðµåÀÇ ÇàÅ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÏ¿© ¹®Á¦¸¦ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù Define problem dynamically based on reference mode ÁذŸðµå ¼¼°¡Áö - Three type of reference model ¹®Á¦ÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû ÇàÅ problem behavior ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇàÅ desirable system behavior °üÂûµÈ Á¤Ã¥ÇàÅ observed policy behavior |
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¸ðµ¨¸ñÀûÀÇ Áø¼ú Statement of model purpose |
¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¼ö¿äÀÚ°¡ ´©±¸ÀÎÁö, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¼ö¿äÀÚ°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â Á¤Ã¥½ÇÇèÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ¹àÈú °Í Clarify who is the model audience, what policy experiment the audience want. ±×¸®°í ¸ðµ¨À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ÁýÇà±îÁö ¿øÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹àÈú °Í (±³À°, ÀνÄÀÇ Á¦°í, ½ÇÀç Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ Ã¤Åðú ÁýÇà µî) Clarify level of implementation – education, perception, actual application of the policy to the real problem |
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½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °æ°è System Boundary |
°ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ´Â ÇàŸ¦ À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù include all variables that causes interest behavior |
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¸ðµ¨ °³³äÈ Model conceptualization |
ÇÏÇâ½Ä Á¢±Ù¹æ½Ä(top-down)À¸·Î ´ëºÎºÐ ½ÃÀÛ ¹°¸®Àû ±¸Á¶¿¡¼ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© Á¤º¸ÀÇ È帧, ÀνÄ, ±×¸®°í ÀνÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ß±âµÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀÇ ¼øÀ¸·Î °³³äÈ ÇÑ´Ù A°¡ B¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù¸é B´Â A¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥Áö¸¦ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áú¹®ÇÒ °Í Keep asking how does B impact back to A when A affected B from the start. |
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µ¿ÅÂÀû °¡¼³ Dynamic hypothesis |
¹®Á¦½ÃµÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¿©Áö´Â Çǵå¹é±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼ú A statement of feedback structures that are conjectured to have the power to contribute to the problem behavior ÀÌ µ¿ÅÂÀû °¡¼³Àº ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Àü°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤±³ÈµÇ¾î ³ª°¡´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ °³³äÈ ´Ü°è¿¡¼ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù |
Richardson, 1981:61-63.
¹®Á¦°³³äÈÀÇ ¿¹ Example of Problem
Conceptualization (Richardson, 1981. 45-)
1. ¹®Á¦ problem
R & D ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ½Ã°£, ºñ¿ë, ÀοøÀÇ Ãʰú¹®Á¦
1)µ¿ÅÂÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦Á¤ÀÇ Dynamic problem definition
±×·¡ÇÁ·Î ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÑ´Ù
(1)¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Â R&DÀÇ ±×·¡ÇÁ : ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ³¡±îÁö ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é Àη°ú ŸÀÓ½ºÄÉÁìÀº ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
(2)¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀÇ
¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Â ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® ÁøÇàÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû Á¤ÀÇ
¿¹Á¤ÀοøÀÌ ÃʰúµÇ°í ¸¶°¨±â°£ÀÌ ¿¬ÀåµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû Á¤ÀÇ
ÀÏÁøÃ´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àνİú ½ÇÀç ÀÏ ÁøÃ´°£ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ¹®Á¦
40°³¿ù ½Ã°£(°³¿ù)

2. ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¸ñÀû°ú ¼ö¿äÀÚ (model purpose and audience)
ÀÌ °æ¿ì ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¼ö¿äÀÚ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð R&D ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ°ü¸®ÀÚ·Î °¢Á¾ Ãʰú½Ã°£, ºñ¿ë, ÀηÂÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈÇϴµ¥ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½.
People responsible for the management of large R&D projects. They wish some guidance to prevent or minimize overrun.
3. ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çǵå¹é ½Ã°¢ (ÀΰúÁöµµÀÇ ±¸Ãà)
Feedback perspective on project management

°³³äÈ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû °úÁ¤¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù.
It is easy to start system conceptualization from the physical process of the system
[±×¸²] ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸ðµ¨ ÀΰúÁöµµ (Richardson, 1981:60)
<Fig> Complete structure of a simple project model

Richardson. 1981. p.60.
Ex. Urban Dynamics
1. Dynamic problem definition

2. Dynamic hypothesis

Reference mode for a low profitability of Norwegian pulp industry using time series data

Dynamic hypothesis

Reference mode for the study of material growth in a finite world

Dynamic hypothesis
