Á¦4ÁÖ ¹®Á¦Á¤ÀÇ¿Í °³³äÈ­

Week 4. Problem Identification and System Conceptualization

 

Problem identification and System Conceptualization

Richardson, chpt 2

Randers, Jorgen. 1980. ¡°Guidelines for Model Conceptualization¡± In Elements of the System Dynamics Method. (Ed.) Jorgen Randers. MIT Press.

 

½Ã½ºÅÛ´ÙÀ̳»¹Í½º´Â ¹®Á¦Áß½ÉÀÌ¸ç ½Ã½ºÅÛ Áß½ÉÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù

The focus of system dynamics study is not a system, whatever that is, but a problem

 

º¯¼öÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀÎ ÇàÅ´ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù.

Dynamic system behavior comes from system structure

 

[±×¸²] ½Ã½ºÅÛ´ÙÀ̳»¹Í½º ¸ðµ¨¸µ ÀýÂ÷ Overview of System dynamics modeling approach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Richardson, 1981:17

 

Modeling process is a repetitive process and it is a process of trial and error.

 

Table. The four stages of model construction

Randers, 119.

 

¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ½Ã½ºÅÛ °³³äÈ­ Problem definition and System conceptualization

1)      ¸ðµ¨¸µÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÒ °Í  A clear modeling purpose

2)      ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸ðµ¨¸µÇϴµ¥ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎµÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ðµ¨¸µÇϴµ¥ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎÁö ¸» °Í

focus on a problem not on a system

 

1. ¹®Á¦¸¦ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÒ °Í Define problems dynamically

 

1) ÁÖ¿äÇÑ º¯¼öµéÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû ÇàŸ¦ ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î Ç¥½ÃÇØ º¼ °Í

Describe time development of interest variables and then proceed to identify and describe underlying causes.

Graph important variables over time symptoms of the problem we want to study

ÁÖ¿ä º¯¼öµéÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧¿¡ µû¸¥ µ¿ÅÂÀû ÇàŸ¦ ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î Ç¥½ÃÇØ º¸¸é ¹®Á¦°¡ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®ÇØ Áø´Ù

 

2) ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¹üÀ§ set the time horizon of study

°í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ½Ã°£ÀÇ ¹üÀ§°¡ 30³âÀΰ¡ 300³âÀΰ¡¿¡ µû¶ó ÁÖµÈ °ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀº Å©°Ô ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¾î õ¿¬°¡½ºÀÇ »ý»ê°ú ¼Òºñ ±×¸®°í ºñ¿ë¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¿¡ À־ °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ½Ã°£ ¹üÀ§°¡ 30³âÀÏ °æ¿ì Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿äÀÎ, ¿ÀÀϱݼöÁ¶Ä¡, ¼öÀÔ, ¼öÃ⠵ °ü½ÉÀ» ½ñ¾Æ¾ß ÇϰÚÀ¸³ª ¸¸¾à ½Ã°£¹üÀ§°¡ 300³âÀ̶ó¸é ¿ÀÀÏ ±Ý¼öÁ¶Ä¡ °°Àº °ÍµéÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀâÀ½(noise)¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±ä ½Ã°£¹üÀ§¿¡¼­´Â Àå±âÀûÀÎ ¿ÀÀÏŽ»ç, »ý»ê°ú ¼ÒºñÀÇ °æÇâ, Àå±âÀûÀÎ ºñ¿ë¹®Á¦ µîÀÌ ÁÖµÈ °ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

3)ÁذŸðµå Reference mode

Graph of behavior of interest variables over time showing its behavior.

This reference mode helps problem definition and conceptualization.

It also can be used as a reference point for model validity test.

If the model reproduce the reference modes identified at the outset, it can be a sign of model validity

ÁÖ¿ä º¯¼öµéÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ½Ã°£ÀÇ È帧¿¡ µû¶ó µ¿ÅÂÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸° ±×·¡ÇÁ

ÀÌ ÁذŸðµå´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í °³³äÈ­ °úÁ¤À» µµ¿Í ÁÙ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Å¸´çµµ¸¦ ½ÇÇèÇÏ´Â ÁذűâÁØÀÌ µÇ¾îÁØ´Ù.

 

Ex) Richardson, 1981. practice 23-24. no.1-5.

 

2. Çǵå¹é ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÒ °Í Find feedback structure

Identify and describe the underlying causes of the reference mode

Find interconnections among variables

¾çÀÇ Çǵå¹é ·çÇÁ Positive feedback loop

À½ÀÇ Çǵå¹é ·çÇÁ Negative feedback loop

 

Ex) Richardson, 1981. practice 29-30. no.1-4.

 

Àú·®º¯¼ö stock variable, À¯·®º¯¼ö flow variable

¹°ÁúÈ帧 material flow, Á¤º¸È帧 information flow

 

3. ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÒ °Í Clarify model purpose

¹®Á¦¸¦ ¸ðµ¨¸µ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¸ðµ¨¸µ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

Model is developed to address a specific set of question, not system.

 

The fundamental purpose of system dynamic model is understanding. The goal of a modeling effort is to improve understandings of the relationship between feedback structure and dynamic behavior of a system so that policies for improving problematic behavior may be developed (Richardson, 1981: 38).

 

4. ½Ã½ºÅÛ °æ°èÀÇ ¼³Á¤ System boundary

A imaginary line separating what is considered to be inside the system and what is considered to be outside.

A clear understanding of the purpose of a modeling effort helps to define system boundary, what should be included and what should be excluded.

Any mechanism that is not believed to be a major cause behind the reference mode should be left out of the initial model

 

½Ã½ºÅÛ °æ°è³»¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ´Â °ü½Éº¯¼öÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â ¿äÀεéÀÌ¸ç ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© °¡´ÉÇÑ ¹èÁ¦Çϰųª ¾ÐÃà½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

1)¹®Á¦¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤Àº ¾î¶² °ÍÀΰ¡?

What¡¯s the physical process of the system related to the problem? 

2)ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀº ¾î¶°Çϸç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ´Â°¡?

How¡¯s the perception of process and how was it formulated?

3)ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀνÄÀÌ ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ °úÁ¤¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ´Â°¡?

How does the perception affect physical process?

ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ °æ°è³»¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

°úÁ¤(process), ÀνÄ(perception), ¾Ð·Â(pressure) ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °³³äÈ­ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ °¡À̵å¶óÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¹®Á¦°¡ ¸íÈ®È÷ Á¤Àǵǰí, 2)ÁذŸðµå°¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¼³Á¤µÇ°í, 3)¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁö°í, ±×¸®°í 4)½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °æ°è°¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù¸é 5)ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Çǵå¹éÀÇ ½Ã°¢À¸·Î º¼ Áغñ°¡ µÈ °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

5. µ¿ÅÂÀû °¡¼³ (Dynamic Hypothesis)

statement of system structure that appear to have the potential to generate the problem behavior. It can be given verbally or in terms of diagram.

 

¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ¾ß±â½ÃŰ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼ú

¸» ¶Ç´Â ´ÙÀ̾î±×·¥, ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ´Ù ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ¿øÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ °³ ¶Ç´Â ¼ö°³ÀÇ Áø¼ú·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù.


[Ç¥] ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ±¸Ãà°ú °³³äÈ­ °úÁ¤ Model building and conceptualization process

¸ðµ¨±¸ÃàÀÇ °³³äÈ­ °úÁ¤

¼³¸í

¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 

Problem identification

¹®Á¦°¡ ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀÇ ¼³¸í°ú ¹®Á¦Â¡ÈÄ¿Í Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í  explain problem symptom and context of the problem

ÁذŸðµåÀÇ ÇàÅ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÏ¿© ¹®Á¦¸¦ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÑ´Ù

 Define problem dynamically based on reference mode

ÁذŸðµå ¼¼°¡Áö - Three type of reference model

¹®Á¦ÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû ÇàÅ problem behavior

¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇàÅ desirable system behavior

°üÂûµÈ Á¤Ã¥ÇàÅ observed policy behavior

¸ðµ¨¸ñÀûÀÇ Áø¼ú

Statement of model purpose

¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¼ö¿äÀÚ°¡ ´©±¸ÀÎÁö, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¼ö¿äÀÚ°¡ ¿øÇÏ´Â Á¤Ã¥½ÇÇèÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ¹àÈú °Í

Clarify who is the model audience, what policy experiment the audience want.

±×¸®°í ¸ðµ¨À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ ÁýÇà±îÁö ¿øÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹àÈú °Í (±³À°, ÀνÄÀÇ Á¦°í, ½ÇÀç Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ Ã¤Åðú ÁýÇà µî)

Clarify level of implementation education, perception, actual application of the policy to the real problem

½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °æ°è

System Boundary

°ü½ÉÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ´Â ÇàŸ¦ À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù include all variables that causes interest behavior

¸ðµ¨ °³³äÈ­

Model conceptualization

ÇÏÇâ½Ä Á¢±Ù¹æ½Ä(top-down)À¸·Î ´ëºÎºÐ ½ÃÀÛ

¹°¸®Àû ±¸Á¶¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© Á¤º¸ÀÇ È帧, ÀνÄ, ±×¸®°í ÀνÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ß±âµÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀÇ ¼øÀ¸·Î °³³äÈ­ ÇÑ´Ù

A°¡ B¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù¸é B´Â A¿¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥Áö¸¦ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áú¹®ÇÒ °Í

Keep asking how does B impact back to A when A affected B from the start.

µ¿ÅÂÀû °¡¼³

Dynamic hypothesis

¹®Á¦½ÃµÇ´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÇàŸ¦ ¾ß±âÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¿©Áö´Â Çǵå¹é±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¼ú

A statement of feedback structures that are conjectured to have the power to contribute to the problem behavior

ÀÌ µ¿ÅÂÀû °¡¼³Àº ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ Àü°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤±³È­µÇ¾î ³ª°¡´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ °³³äÈ­ ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù

Richardson, 1981:61-63.

 


¹®Á¦°³³äÈ­ÀÇ ¿¹ Example of Problem Conceptualization (Richardson, 1981. 45-)

 

1. ¹®Á¦ problem

R & D ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ½Ã°£, ºñ¿ë, ÀοøÀÇ Ãʰú¹®Á¦

 

1)µ¿ÅÂÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦Á¤ÀÇ Dynamic problem definition

±×·¡ÇÁ·Î ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÆÄ¾ÇÇÑ´Ù

 (1)¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Â R&DÀÇ ±×·¡ÇÁ : ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ³¡±îÁö ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é Àη°ú ŸÀÓ½ºÄÉÁìÀº ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±×·¡ÇÁ·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö Àִ°¡?

 

(2)¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿ÅÂÀûÀÎ Á¤ÀÇ

 

¾Æ¹«·± ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾ø´Â ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® ÁøÇàÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû Á¤ÀÇ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


¿¹Á¤ÀοøÀÌ ÃʰúµÇ°í ¸¶°¨±â°£ÀÌ ¿¬ÀåµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ µ¿ÅÂÀû Á¤ÀÇ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


ÀÏÁøÃ´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àνİú ½ÇÀç ÀÏ ÁøÃ´°£ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ ¹®Á¦

40°³¿ù

 

½Ã°£(°³¿ù)

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


2. ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¸ñÀû°ú ¼ö¿äÀÚ (model purpose and audience)

 

ÀÌ °æ¿ì ¸ðµ¨ÀÇ ¼ö¿äÀÚ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð R&D ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ°ü¸®ÀÚ·Î °¢Á¾ Ãʰú½Ã°£, ºñ¿ë, ÀηÂÀ» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­Çϴµ¥ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½.

People responsible for the management of large R&D projects. They wish some guidance to prevent or minimize overrun.

 

3. ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çǵå¹é ½Ã°¢ (ÀΰúÁöµµÀÇ ±¸Ãà)

Feedback perspective on project management

 


 

°³³äÈ­ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù.

It is easy to start system conceptualization from the physical process of the system

 

[±×¸²] ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸ðµ¨ ÀΰúÁöµµ (Richardson, 1981:60)

 



<Fig> Complete structure of a simple project model

 


 

Richardson. 1981. p.60.


 

Ex. Urban Dynamics

 

1. Dynamic problem definition

 

2. Dynamic hypothesis

 

 

Reference mode for a low profitability of Norwegian pulp industry using time series data

 

 

 

Dynamic hypothesis

 

 

 

Reference mode for the study of material growth in a finite world

 

 

 

Dynamic hypothesis